<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0">
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<title>human</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/tags/human</link>
<description>New posts about human</description>
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<title>Science and Human Happiness</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Philosophy-of-Science/Science-and-Human-Happiness.275875</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>As we all know that modern age is the age of&amp;nbsp;science. Whenever we go , we find articles based on some or other scientific formulas.</p>
<p>For instance, many of the students and offices goers get awakened with the help of an alarm clock. The factory goers learn about the factory time through the buzzing of a hooter.</p>
<p>People generally go to places of work by using one or the other vehicle. The food they eat is prepared on a stove or gas oven. The clothes they wear is prepared in big factories and mills.</p>
<p>Science has enable the modern man to fly in air like birds swim in sea like fishes. Even more than he can even travel in space which the birds can't do. All the modern means of travel and other devices are the inventions of science.</p>
<p>Some of important devices and inventions and discoveries used by a common man are electric bulb , fluorescent tube , mixer , juicer&amp;nbsp;, oven , grinder , refrigerator&amp;nbsp;, TV , cinema , paper , printing press , bus , car , ship , tractor , aeroplane , microscope , telescope , X-ray , air conditioner(A.C) , railway train , computer , telephone , mobile , laptops , telegraph system , etc.</p>
<p>One important discovery of science is electricity which has made the working of so many factories and mills possible.</p>
<p>Inventions and discoveries in agriculture and irrigation methods have enabled food for the teeming millions on earth. Means of travel and communications have become faster cheaper. Inventions in medical science have led to longevity and reduction in ratio of child mortality. Life has become comfortable for the common man.</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhilosophy-of-Science%2FScience-and-Human-Happiness.275875"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhilosophy-of-Science%2FScience-and-Human-Happiness.275875" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Sun, 28 Sep 2008 06:23:04 PST</pubDate></item>
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<title>Why Can't You Tickle Yourself?: Human Mystery Solved</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Human-Biology/Why-Cant-You-Tickle-Yourself-Human-Mystery-Solved.269725</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>First of all, when people get tickled by other people, it makes them laugh. You can feel lots of different things, sometimes it feels funny, but it could make your nervous or scared. When someone tickles you and you don't know that they will, sometimes it gives you a fright. But then, why do you only get tickled when someone else tickles you and you don't get tickled when you tickle yourself? Well, we have finally found out the mystery...</p>
<h3>So why can't you tickle yourself?</h3>
<p>There is a part in your brain which is known as the 'cerebellum'. It keeps tabs of everything that is happening in and around your body. That means when you move out your left hand and tickle your tummy, your body knows that your left hand is doing that, so it is telling your brain to calm. It doesn't tickle because you know where you are going to tickle yourself. Scientests have been studying the theory of tickling, and they even made some machines called 'tickling machines'!</p>
<h3>But if someone tickles you, what could you try and do?</h3>
<p>Well first of all, if you are not tickilish then you can forget about this lol. You could do things like run away or try tickle the other person back, but let's say you're strapped onto your chair and you can't move. Tickling only gives you a funny sensational feeling, because you are making yourself have that feeling. Next time you get tickled, try relaxing and calming down, close your eyes, and locate where the victim is tickling you. Then you can feel more relaxed. This is a complicated theory, so here is an experiment. Get someone to tickle you on a spot you tell them to when you want them to. Now tell them to tickle you unexpectedly on a random spot. See the difference?</p>
<p>So, just remember the next time you get tickled, you know what to do!</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FWhy-Cant-You-Tickle-Yourself-Human-Mystery-Solved.269725"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FWhy-Cant-You-Tickle-Yourself-Human-Mystery-Solved.269725" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 07:51:11 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>Biotechnology</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Human-Biology/Biotechnology.237961</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>Biotechnology is basically technology that is based on biology and areas related to biology. Many experts and researchers use the term, biotechnology when referring to modern genetic engineering. Until advancements in DNA and such fields biotechnology was mainly used to describe agricultural and food related technology. Some of the many factors of biotechnology include: biology, genetics, chemical engineering and robotics to name a few. Many current projects and research topics are currently being studied, the world can benefit greatly from advancements in biotechnology.</p>
<p>Stem cells are found in multi-cellular organisms. They are able to make themselves into specialized cells. The two types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells, which are found in blastocysts and adult stem cells which are found in the tissue of grown organisms. When an organism is developing, stem cells can be used to make any type of tissue. In adult organisms, stem cells help repair damages tissue.</p>
<p>Stem cells can be grown to make any type of tissue the body may need. The problem is in order to be able to use stem cells, a human embryo must be destroyed to get the cells needed. Many ethical debates have taken place in regards to stem cell research, some people believe human embryos are alive and they should be treated at people. Although other methods of using stem cells that don't need to be taken from human embryos are being researched, the debate rages on. Others think the outcome of stem cells would benefit medical uses greatly. A law is in effect that forbids federal funding for stem cell research.</p>
<p>Stem cells are used in treatments for diseases such as leukemia, bone marrow transplants help leukemia patients. Researchers hope that advancements in stem cell research can be made, so diseases such as: cancer, Parkinson's, along with countless other conditions and diseases will be a thing of the past. Below is an illustration of embryonic mouse stem cells that are highlighted.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/2008/09/01/0_20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The Human Genome Project, also known as HGP is a world wide project. Many different peoples have one common goal, that goal is to understand everything possible about a human's genetic make up. They are determined to identify all human genes and DNA base pairs. The project was established in 1990 by James Watson. Researchers and those associated with the project believe this is a very important step in finding cures and making medical advances. This project was made possibly by funding and support from the U.S. and the U.K.</p>
<p>The results from the HGP will not only greatly benefit medicine and biotechnology, it will help in curing many diseases such as, cancer, liver disease, Alzheimer's. Etc. Along with all of the medicinal uses, the Human Genome Project will open many doors to new discoveries. Evolutionary questions are being asked in terms on molecular biology. Some believe the HGP will be an evolutionary milestone, such as ribosomes and organelles. Illustrated below is human chromosome 3 from a human genetic map.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/2008/09/01/1_4.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The human HapMap project, or International HapMap project is a group which is determined to make a map of the human genome. This discovery would be able to see different patterns of genetic variation in humans. The project is supported and funded by private academies and agencies along with countries such as China, Canada, America, and England. The purpose of the project is for scientists and researchers to be able to use it as a resource for determining genes that affect health, environment factors and responses to drugs.</p>
<p>It's known that many common diseases occur due to environment and gene combinations. The project was slated to take 3 years and in October of 2007 all of the data was released. The information provided by the HapMap project is free to all researchers and can be found on the website www.hapmap.org .</p>
<p>Gene therapy is used to treat diseases. Genes are inserted into a patients cells and tissues. For hereditary diseased the mutant alleles are replaced with normal, functioning ones. Although it is still recent and new, gene therapy has showed success and seems to be working great. There are also different variations of the process.</p>
<p>The first gene therapy was done on a little girl named Ashanthi DeSilva. She had a rare disease that made her highly susceptible to disease. She was often confined to her own home and avoided contact with others outside the family. Her immune system was so bad that a common cold took large amounts of antibiotics to treat. Gene therapy was used, her white blood cells were taken to a lab and the proper gene was inserted. The white blood cells entered her bloodstream and that strengthened her immune system by 40%.</p>
<p>What happens is a mutated gene or defective gene is replaced in the genome by a normal one. Scientists use a carrier called a vector to deliver the normal gene where it's needed. Scientists have been able to use viruses to transfer the needed gene. Whatever organ needs the vector, is targeted by the vector. There are many different types of virus vectors. As it is with many scientific treatments, there are ethical issues with gene therapy. There is also the fact that whenever a foreign object enters the body, the body's natural response is to attack the intruder.</p>
<p>In the science world it is know that pharmaceutical manufacturing relies heavily upon biotechnology. Back in the day, insulin from the pancreas of pigs was used in human who had diabetes, but due to the lack of pigs to do this scientists used recombinant DNA technology to make E. Coli produce insulin, this is an early instance of using biotechnology is pharmaceuticals. Another example is the need for human growth hormones. They were originally obtained from the pituitary glands of dead people, but that proved to be ineffective because so much was needed, so recombinant DNA allowed E. Coli to produce the human growth hormones. So, the use of biotechnology in pharmaceuticals has and will continue to greatly benefit humans.</p>
<p>Forensics are the uses of sciences concerning the law and crime scenes. People who use forensics use DNA samples and other things associated at the scene of a crime to find out who the criminal was. Forensics use many different samples and factors to determine crimes, things such as soil samples, DNA, hair samples, drugs, poisons, finger prints, surrounding organisms in the crime scene and many, many other things. Most samples are taken to a lab and examined thoroughly using many different techniques. Some forensic techniques that have been used by groups such as the FBI have been discontinued due to lack of evidence proving their credibility.</p>
<p>Cancer can affect almost every part of the body. Cancer is diagnosed when rogue cells grow and divide out of control. They develop into a tissue mass called a tumor. Some tumors can become metastatic, meaning it can move to other parts of the body and infect those as well. Benign tumors are non cancerous and stay in one spot, although they can become malignant. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cancer can affect an array of different organisms. Cancer accounts for 13% of deaths around the world. Anybody of any race or age can get cancer, although the risk increases with age. Scientists believe the risk for cancer has always been high, but earlier people had shorter life spans, so cancer did not show up too often.</p>
<p>Cancer develops due to many different factors, carcinogens (cancer causing agents in the environment), radiation, and cigarette smoke (as well as second hand smoke that has carcinogens). Cancer can also develop from environmental factors. Symptoms of cancer can include, cough, tumor, bleeding, headaches, and other symptoms associated with the common cold. Cancer is usually recognized through screenings, but is not diagnosed this way. If some is thought to have cancer many medical test are used to determine the type and severity, this includes blood tests, x-rays and biopsies.</p>
<p>Treatment of cancer is difficult. Depending on when the cancer is detected surgery and treatment can be tough. Cancer can sometimes be removed completely through surgery, other times chemotherapy and other methods including antibiotics are used to rid the body of the invasive cells. Chemotherapy is one treatment that is often used, but it has some serious side effects. Patients who use chemotherapy are likely to have permanent damage to tissue and other parts of the body.</p>
<p>A cure for cancer is needed just as much as a cure for AIDS. Although an actual cure for cancer may never come to be because cancer affects various parts of the body, cures or treatments for different types may soon come to light. Cancer has a big emotional factor on people who have suffered from the disease or have family who has had the disease. Support groups are offered to people who have dealt with cancer. Below is a picture of lung cancer in an x-ray, which is caused by a series of mutations.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/2008/09/01/2_2.jpg" alt="" /></p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FBiotechnology.237961"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FBiotechnology.237961" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Tue, 02 Sep 2008 02:21:34 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>Strange Human Body Malfunctions</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Human-Biology/Strange-Human-Body-Malfunctions.195925</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>The human body and the brain are very finely balanced electro-chemical systems. When this balance goes wrong the results can often be quite bizarre.</p>
<h3>Hula-Hoop Intestine</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_1.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>In 1992, a Beijing man had to have hospital treatment for a twisted intestine. Xu Denghai had been using a hula-hoop for many hours. This was apparently the third case of its kind since the hula hoop craze hit China. Doctors warned people to warm up properly as in any sporting event and to avoid using a hula hoop for two hours after eating food.</p>
<h3>Cutlery Eating</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_2.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The desire to eat metal is actually quite common but sometimes this behavior becomes extreme. A 47 year old Englishman named Johnson has had more than thirty operations to remove metal objects from his stomach. In 1992 he had a problem with eight forks and the metal part of a mop head. He also has a strange behavioural pattern in restaurants. The man has been arrested and jailed several times and each time he is released he goes to a restaurant, eats and then says he can't pay. While he waits for the police to arrive to arrest him, he eats the cutlery.</p>
<p>This is an extreme example of a condition called 'Pica' where the patient has an overwhelming urge to eat things that are not 'foodstuffs'. Another excellent example here is the strange urge that sometimes drives pregnant women to eat things like paper and coal.</p>
<h3>Alien Hand Syndrome</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_8.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Photo Credit: Flickr.com</p>
<p>An alien hand sufferer can feel the hand affected quite normally but believes that the hand literally does what it wants to do and that they have no control over it. Alien hands can do very complex tasks like operating machinery and doing up buttons while sufferers feel they have no control. Studies of this complaint have recorded patients who seemingly have no idea what the hand is doing until it is brought to their attention. It is thought that this condition is caused by damage to the frontal area of the brain which controls motor movement.</p>
<h3>Mud Wrestlers Rash</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_4.jpg" alt="" /><br />After a mud wrestling competition at the University of Washington, twenty-four people became covered in red bumps like pimples within thirty-six hours. The bumps were only on the areas not covered by bathing costumes, although one unfortunate participant had wrestled in the nude. The cause of the problem turned our to be an unusual form of dermatitis called dermatitis palastraie limosae, or 'mud wrestlers rash ' which is thought to be caused by small amounts of manure in mud.</p>
<h3>Electric People</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_5.jpg" alt="" /><br />The human body contains a lot of electricity and sometimes this static electricity can cause problems. Rubbing the hair with a balloon, or sliding down a plastic slide can demonstrate this by causing the hair to stand on end. In severe cases, the static electricity in a person can cause problems with machinery. One of the most famous examples of this is the story of Angelique Cottin who could make compass needles deviate widely just by being near them. Some people have problems with wrist watches and can cause faults in electrical appliances because they discharge too much static electricity.</p>
<h3>Hair Felting</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_6.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Photo credit: Mahalo.com</p>
<p>In 1993 a thirty nine year old woman reported that all her hair had fallen out and been replaced with  dry, coarse, curly hair that was so tangled up that she couldn't comb it. It had no knots, kinks or twists in it. The hairs themselves had changed shape and become triangular, grooved, or kidney shaped, instead of being circular. The only solution to this condition is to cut off the hair and lubricate the scalp until the hair returns to normal. This condition, also known as 'Uncombable hair syndrome' is caused by a dermatological malfunction where the hair follicles change shape.</p>
<h3>Alice In Wonderland Syndrome</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/05/249833_7.jpg" alt="" /><br />This occurs where the sufferer has a totally distorted idea of his, or her own size in relation to other things around them. This can be caused by drug use, or severe migraine headache and usually only lasts for a short time. It can also be a symptom of  a brain tumor, or delerium tremens which would require immediate medical help.</p>
<p>Photo Credit:  Wikipedia: Creative Commons License, unless otherwise stated.</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FStrange-Human-Body-Malfunctions.195925"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FStrange-Human-Body-Malfunctions.195925" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Tue, 05 Aug 2008 06:44:29 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>20+ Unusual and Astounding Living Organisms</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/20-Unusual-and-Astounding-Living-Lives.194817</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<h3>20+ Unusual and Astounding Living Lives (you Never Seen Before)</h3>
<p>In every part of the surrounding, in which humans dwell in, no matter in water, land, air, or elsewhere, there reign tiny yet complex lives. The in depths study of these living organisms bring human a face to face consequence with an astounding miracle of the creation of God. The astounding part of the living organisms have led us some understanding of the awe-inspiring structure of every life from as small as 0.0000001 to over 0.1. These photomicrographs unveiled the miracle and astounding lives as illustrated below.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_0.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>This microscope image was captured by Spike Walker. It shows a trachea of the silkworm which carries oxygen from the openings within the surface of its body or spiracles. The tracheal tubes are divided into a branch of Tracheoles in order to dispatch oxygen efficiently to the required tissues of this insect.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_1.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a parasitoid wasp (Amisega floridensis) (90x). The parasitoid wasp is considered as beneficial to plants as it helps to control the populations of agricultural pests.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_2.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Annie Cavanagh and Dave McCarthy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a carpet of red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) which clearly demonstrated their slightly indented, flattened and biconcave disc shape, in which the shape enlarges the surface area for the efficiency of the absorption and release of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This in turns enables the cells to move flexibly via the tinniest blood capillaries. These iron-rich protein hemoglobin cells are mainly manufactured in the bone marrow (soft tissue inside the bones), particularly in the bones that make up the spine, pelvis, skull, sternum (breastbone) and ribs of the vertebrates. Their lifespan is only 4 months and each day our body produces new blood red cells to replace those that are dead or lost from our body.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_3.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Dr. Jeffery Bowen, Bridgewater State College Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a dragonfly (Kaleidofly of a Halloween Pennant) (1x). It looks like a delicate masterpiece of the mosaic.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_4.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Steven Valley, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Plant Division Salem, Oregon, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the eggs of a spider (Mimetidae sp.) with a sheath of silk (30x). After laying the eggs, the spider will spun silk through spinnerets located on its posterior part of the abdomen to protect its eggs. At this stage, as you could see from the photo, its silk looks like a fried egg.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_5.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Christian Gautier, BIOS/PHONE Photo Agency Avignon, France.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the cross-section of the cedar leaves (Cedrus atlantica)(200x).</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_6.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>This image was captured by Shao Jin Ong. This photo shows the bacterial of meningitis. It is an infection of the fluid of a person's spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain. The yellow dots you see in this photo are Neisseria meningitides bacteria which dwell in the human airway cells. They can also find living around the nose and throat of us without causing disease or symptom. This viral and bacterial infection is scary that it can lead to a severe case of brain damage, learning disability, or hearing loss. Furthermore, if these meningitis-causing bacteria break through and go into the blood stream, they can cause potentially septicaemia (a life-threatening infection caused by bacteria as well as a serious infection that usually spreads from some other part of the body to the blood, where the bacteria multiply) and fatal meningitis.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_7.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Dr. Stephen Lowry, University of Ulster Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a soft-bodied animal or a mollusk (Coiled radula of Patella vulgaris) (20x). This animal is mainly found in marine environments, with many of its species discovering in the shallow sub-tidal and on the continental shelf. They are generally characterized by a shell-secreting organ, the mantle, and a radula, a food-rasping organ located in the forward area of their mouth.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_8.jpg" alt="" /><br />(Source: Dr. Robert Markus, Institute of Genetics Biological Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the opening stamen of purple jasmine flower (mirabilis jalapa) (125x).</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_9.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(source: Charles Krebs, Charles Krebs Photography Issaquah, Washington, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the marine diatoms attached to red seaweed plants (polysiphonia) (100x).</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_10.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<h3>(Source: James Sharpe, Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh.)</h3>
<p>This photo shows the mouse embryo which has been stained to show parts of its heart in red, the floor of the spinal cord and other tissue in blue, parts of the nervous system in green, while the unstained tissues appear in grey color. With the advance technology of Optical Projection Tomography (OPT), scientists could study the internal structure of stained whole embryos and tinier pieces of tissue without even need for their cutting sections as this new technique can reveal different elements of the staining pattern in details.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_11.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<h3>(Source: Lorna McInroy, Durham's Cancer Research UK laboratories, UK.)</h3>
<p>This photo shows a development of the colon cancer cells growing in a culture dish. As you could see in this photo, the green cells refer to a type of pectin protein, which links the cell's internal skeleton to other proteins on its surface by attaching to each other. Different subtypes of this protein can affect the cells to migrate to the new locations of the body (metastasise), causing the consequence of the colon cancer becomes more complex.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_12.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Rodrigo Mexas Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a parasite worm (Trematode sp.) (400x). The species of its own can be found in our food, water, pets, and gardens, to list a few. Some of them can release as many as 200,000 eggs per day. Once in the human's body, they can dwell almost everywhere and cause the damage to the organs, or may have blocked the nutrients from being reaching their hosts.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_13.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Shamuel Siberman Ramat Gan, Israel.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the flower bud of the opium poppy (papaver subpiriforme-corn poppies) (20x). The opium poppy is also known as the &amp;ldquo;sleeping-bringing poppy&amp;rdquo; due to its narcotic property. This is a type of plant from which opium and many refined opiates such as codeine, Pappaverine, Noscapine, Morphine and Thebaine are extracted.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_24.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(source: Charles Krebs, Charles Krebs Photography Issaquah, Washington, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a water scavenger beetle or Hydrophilidae sp. (100x). It is a destructive pest that sometimes can grow up to 3 inches long with its average size of 1.3 inches. It is usually dark in color and is found in marshy area, weedy pond, stream, and grassy environment feeding on small fish, water insects and tadpoles. Some of its species could respond to sound over the low-frequency range, with the greatest sensitivity in the region of 200 to 640 hertz.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_14.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Stephen Fuller, wellcome Trust centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK.)</p>
<p>This photo clearly portrays the internal structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particle using a technique of cryo-electron tomography. This is a single type of viral protein revealed by its conical red capsid. The blue color shows the membrane that encapsulates the virus, while the yellow color shows the area between the core and the membrane of the virus (lateral body) which also includes proteases and remnants of material from the host cell. Once in the body, HIV will weaken the body's immune system by destroying a group of white blood cells called CD4 (T-cell) lymphocytes, making the body more vulnerable to many types of infections.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_15.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Anne Weston, an electron microscopist for Cancer Research of UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a color-enhanced development of a single breast cancer cell. It is considered as a malignant tumor that starts from cells of the breast and can occur in male but it is more common among the female. These cancerous cells can later invade the surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_16.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Annie Cavanagh and Dave McCarthy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a clump of breast cancer cells. The blue cells show the rapid growth of the cancerous cells, while the yellow one are cells that are nearly closed to death or are being programmed cell death (apoptosis) as they are being colonized and modified by the actively growing cancerous cells shown in blue color.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_25.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Gloria Kwon, Memorial Sloan - Kettering Institute, New York, USA)</p>
<p>This photo shows the embryo of double-transgenic mouse which has grown to 18.5 days.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_17.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Anne Weston, an electron microscopist for Cancer Research of UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a ruptured red blood vessel, with some of the red blood cells leaking out of it due to a mutation in the Ephrin-B2 gene that prevent the smooth muscle cells from being arranged properly in the wall of the red blood vessel. This stage shows the developing of cancers causing the blood vessels become extremely fragile to carry out their tasks in the body. The Color was used to enhance the visualized property of the image.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_18.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Wim van Egmond, Micropolitan Museum, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a cylindrical rotifer (Testudinella patina) with an anterior ciliated disk and posterior tail (400x). It is a microscopic at approximately 3mm but many-celled freshwater aquatic invertebrates that have their anterior end modified into a retractile disk bearing of strong cilia giving their appearance of rapidly revolving wheels.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_26.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Michael Hendricks, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the brain part (midbrain and diencephalon) of the zebrafish or zebra danio (Danio rerio, a tropical freshwater fish) in its embryonic development (20x).</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_19.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Stephanie Schuller, Royal Free Hospital, London.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a minute finger-like piece of tissue called villi in the small intestine. The villi along with microvilli help to enlarge the surface area available for more efficient absorption of nutrients and secretion of enzymes. Beneath the villi there are intestinal glands or called crypts of Lieberk&amp;uuml;hn, and the cells within these glands make hormones, including serotonin, a substance that helps to control the activities within the intestine.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(source: Michael Klymkowsky, MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows the embryos of Xenopus (20x). Xenopus is a native of African carnivorous frog which is commonly used for developmental biology study.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_21.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Annette Bergter, Zoology Division University of Osnabruck Osnabruck, Germany.)</p>
<p>This photo shows an embryo of a marine segmented animal (Ophryotrocha diadema) (25x). You could clearly see its nervous system and the cilia via its transparent body. The cilia aid this worm to move around the water.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_22.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Annie Cavanagh and Dave McCarthy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a clump of prostate cancer cells. The blue-green cells show the rapid growth of the cancerous cells, while the pink one are cells that are nearly closed to death or are being programmed cell death (apoptosis) as they are being colonized and modified by the actively growing cancerous cells shown in blue-green color.</p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/08/04/251245_23.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>(Source: Dr. Matthew Hooge, Portland, Oregon, USA.)</p>
<p>This photo shows a soft-bodied larva or planktonic mollusk (Clione sp.) (40x). It is a shell-less agile aquatic animal that has a relatively transparent and gelatinous posterior. It only has shells at its embryonic stage. It dwells primarily in the temperate and cold waters of all oceans. It is found abundant in the Arctic Ocean which constitutes a major part of food source for the Greenland whale. Its population normally measured no more than 3cm in length, but it can grow to a length up to 5cm. It feeds almost exclusively on small Limacina, and Thecosome pteropod.</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2F20-Unusual-and-Astounding-Living-Lives.194817"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2F20-Unusual-and-Astounding-Living-Lives.194817" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Mon, 04 Aug 2008 03:34:54 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>Silly Little Rant</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Philosophy-of-Science/Silly-Little-Rant.155929</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>I know a lot of people out there, hate it when people start ranting, but other folk's find it pretty **** hilarious! So to all those people out there who enjoy a good rant, I'm here to give it to you.</p>
<p>First, let's try to find ourselves a topic. Well, today I listened to a very funny Spoken Word rant that was about humans. Humans were referred to as "monkey's" in this little S.W., and I found the entire thing VERY amusing. Now, what I feel like ranting about is the fact that humans really are just as limited as monkey's in a sense. Here, let me attempt to prove my point.</p>
<p>Let's look at the bigger picture here. We are tiny microscopic organisms within this giant thing we call the Universe. We aren't the smallest thing's of course, but there's some **** way bigger then us! Look at all the tiny organisms living in, and on us. Look at Earth, it's an organism which sustains us! We humans are parasite's leeching off of poor old Earth, like a sickness just because we don't know how to control our own selfish greed.</p>
<p>Now zoom out a bit. Earth is a part of a solar system, which in a way, functions like an organism. Each individual piece is responsible for its own actions and if one piece strays away from it's set path, then everything goes out of balance! Whether the other planets are literally alive or not, doesn't stop it from playing a crucial role in the way thing's work for us. Solar system goes whacky, Earth shifts away from it's original orbit, we suffer catastrophic weather changes, all die, yada yada.</p>
<p>Back to the organism thing though, zooming out again, we see a galaxy. The Milky Way. This galaxy is like a larger organism, with all the individual planets and stars within it, playing their own crucial roles in making what the galaxy is. One slight mistake can cause a huge chain reaction that can either help, or hurt it. (A lot like the food chain on earth, huh?)</p>
<p>Zooming out again, we see the freaking Universe! And we have all heard the theory that the Universe is constantly expanding ever since the "Big Bang" and it`ll never stop, and etc etc etc. Well then this constantly growing organism is certainly exactly that. A constantly growing organism. Is there another organism seperate from that one, that could have possibly "created" it like a parent? Hell, if it was it's "parent" then there would be two other organism's!</p>
<p>Looking at the bigger picture, we can see that the Universe is a lot like you and I. We are constantly growing organism's with a bunch of tinier organism's living within us, completely unaware of our self-awareness and awareness of them.</p>
<p>Now you might be thinking, "This guy isn't ranting, he's just explaining his opinion about something he thinks maybe not all of us understand." Well that's pretty much what ranting is in a sense. Just with a lot less no-talky. So I wanna explain now how this makes me think we are all like monkey's.</p>
<p>Look at a real monkey. Pretty average animal, just a bit more... Aware, of specific things. We call that intelligence. Look at us. Same **** thing. An average animal, just more aware of specific thing's. We are not any different from normal animals until you realize we don't just try to survive, we try to enjoy surviving. And personally, I think we are miserably failing. We are no smarter then monkey's because although they may be doing their silly monkey thing's, their still surviving. While we on the other hand, are doing our silly human things, and still surviving. Looking at it at a basic level, we aren't much different. We just consider ourselves so amazing cause we have the urge to feel proud of ourselves and powerful, and yada yada. This feelings are so strong within us, that they control us, and deem is entirely irrational! We aren't even benefiting ourselves anymore. It's clear to see, we are on our way to self-destruction. Yes, a lot of people are doing great things trying to figure out how to fix our mistakes, but c`mon, do you think think all the damage we have done will be fixed by only the idea's of that small portion of people? More people are littering these days instead of going to the local park and cleaning it up, just cause they believe it's the right thing to do.</p>
<p>Hell, I think the monkey's are more responsible then we are! If we are so smart then why are we doing such stupid thing's like bombing each other, killing each other over paper and metal we give the title "money" too, ORDER IS CHAOS! The immaturity of the human mind is almost incomprehensible...</p>
<p>If any of you agree, go ahead and agree, if you disagree, your entitled to your opinion. I'm not expecting feedback, nor any positive attention from this silly first-attempt rant that only ended in angering me.</p>
<p>But hey, I don't wanna finish this off on a bad note with you all, so I will share a bit of kindness. Just because humans have done so many stupid things, doesn't mean we don't have the ability to all come together like the brother's and sister's we truelly are, and make thing's a bit more peachy.</p>
<p>I'm just 17, so what do I know about anything right?</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhilosophy-of-Science%2FSilly-Little-Rant.155929"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhilosophy-of-Science%2FSilly-Little-Rant.155929" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jul 2008 02:39:28 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>The Amazing Capuchin Monkeys: Almost Human</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Zoology/The-Amazing-Capuchin-Monkeys-Almost-Human.155615</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>The Capuchin monkeys are those cute little primates that used to dance around the musician on the corner playing his organ for donations. Capuchin monkeys are highly intelligent animals that can also be trained to assist the disabled, in the same manner as a guide dog.</p>
<p>
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<p>But these little monkeys also have fine-motor capabilities and can be trained to do more than just guide a disabled person. Capuchin monkeys have fingers-not just the paws of a guide dog. This adaptation of fingers allows them to help the disabled do things that often require human help like starting the microwave or dishwasher. They also use primitive tools such as sticks in the wild and can mimic these behaviors in captivity to help disabled humans if trained properly.</p>
<h3>A Capuchin Monkey (One of Four Types)</h3>
<p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Capuchin_Costa_Rica.jpg" target="_blank"></a></p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/07/02/202691_1.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Capuchin monkeys have a native habitat in the jungles and rainforests of Central and South America.  In the wild they roam in Honduras, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru.</p>
<p>The Capuchin monkeys eat a variety of plants, as well as small birds, small mammals, insects, fruits and nuts. This diverse diet makes them omnivores.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C53sQZMYPXA" target="_blank">Another Video of Capuchin Monkeys<br /></a></p>
<p>The Capuchin monkeys have a prehensile tail which they use to hang from trees. This tail is strong enough to support their weight as they swing from tree branches.</p>
<p>As cute as they are, Capuchin monkeys are a big nuisance to farmers in the regions where they roam freely. They often help themselves to crops and are quite bold thieves.</p>
<p>The Capuchin monkeys are very social and live in groups that are dominated by one male. The dominant male is the leader of the group and may produce many offspring with the females in his harem. The female gives birth every two years.</p>
<h3>Mother and Baby Capuchin</h3>
<p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Cebus_capucinus.png" target="_blank"></a></p>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/07/02/202691_2.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>&amp;nbsp;</p>
<p>In their social groups these monkeys are known for being extremely vocal and noisy. It is their vocalizations that allow the Capuchin monkeys to communicate with each other.</p>
<p>
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<p>The Capuchin monkeys are very active during the day and sleep at night. These monkeys were appropriately named for their resemblance to Old World priests and friars who wore a white collar around their necks in the 1500's.</p>
<p>The greatest threat to the Capuchin monkeys is the destruction of their habitat. In the rainforest, these monkeys live thriving in the areas from the canopy to the forest floor. The life expectancy of the Capuchin monkeys is 35-40 years.</p>
<p>It is our human duty to be responsible members of this planet and guardians of all creatures whether great or small.</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FZoology%2FThe-Amazing-Capuchin-Monkeys-Almost-Human.155615"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FZoology%2FThe-Amazing-Capuchin-Monkeys-Almost-Human.155615" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Wed, 02 Jul 2008 11:14:17 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>Loveable Lorises: Their Eyes Look to You for Survival</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Zoology/Loveable-Lorises-Their-Eyes-Look-to-You-for-Survival.154435</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>Hello fellow earth dweller, my name is Larry Loris and I am a Loris.</p>
<h3>My Picture<br /><br /><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/07/01/201289_1.jpg" alt="" /></h3>
<p><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Loris_tardigradus.jpg" target="_blank"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%3aLoris_tardigradus.jpg" target="_blank">Image Source</a></p>
<p>You probably noticed my very large eyes which assist me in seeing at night. My exceptional vision also helps me in hunting for my favorite food which is insects. My favorite meals consist of mealworms, crickets, bananas and pears.  I usually do most of my hunting at night, as I am nocturnal. I stalk my prey and sneak up on it slowly from behind and then grab it with both my hands. I am most closely related to gorillas and other primates in the animal kingdom.</p>
<h3>Video of a Relative</h3>
<p>
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<p>I have a remarkable sense of smell that assists me in my hunting of insects after the sun goes down. My sense of smell also helps me in picking a mate. I can gain much information from a scent. I can tell which mate I prefer by distinguishing between fresh scents, older scents and familiar scents. My female friends that are Lorises  like familiar scents and are more likely to choose a mate that does not have an unusual odor.</p>
<p>I have very strong fingers and toes which allow me to climb not only on the top of tree branches but underneath them as well. My fingers and toes are also very flexible as well.</p>
<p>Depending on which kind of Loris I am, I generally weigh between 2 and 4 pounds as an adult.</p>
<p>Depending on the kind of Loris that I am, my gestation can be from 4 weeks to 5 months. Lorises which have a longer gestation period are born with their eyes open and are more developed. Other species of Loris born at 4 weeks gestation are carried around by their mothers and are unable to take care of themselves for the first month of life.</p>
<h3>My Cousin</h3>
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<h3>Faces of My Family</h3>
<p><img src="http://images.stanzapub.com/readers/scienceray/2008/07/01/201289_2.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%3aSmit.Faces_of_Lorises.jpg" target="_blank">Image Source</a></p>
<p>I am an endangered species, as my habitat of rainforests is rapidly diminishing. Some humans think that I would be a good pet, but I am not meant to be domesticated. Humans that take me home are hurting my chances of survival as a species.</p>
<p>I am not meant to be a pet, I am happiest as a wild animal roaming free.</p>
<p>
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</p>
<p>Please protect my rainforest homes and support zoos that are trying to keep me from extinction.</p>
<p>Well, I better go grab a quick mealworm and then head out for another beautiful night of fun and excitement. Here's looking at you!</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FZoology%2FLoveable-Lorises-Their-Eyes-Look-to-You-for-Survival.154435"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FZoology%2FLoveable-Lorises-Their-Eyes-Look-to-You-for-Survival.154435" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Tue, 01 Jul 2008 07:09:45 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>10 Ways The Human Race Could Become Extinct</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Physics/10-Ways-The-Human-Race-Could-Become-Extinct.153599</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<ol><li><h3>Global Pandemic</h3>
When an extremely virulent disease begins infecting large populations, a pandemic is declared by WHO (World Health Organisation). There have been many pandemics in the past, examples being &amp;lsquo;The Black Death', which was a strain of bubonic plague striking Europe, and the &amp;lsquo;Spanish Flu' in the 1910s. Influenza is a particular threat - it mutates rapidly and we cannot vaccinate ourselves against it. It has been responsible for decimation of entire populations and is still a threat today. If a hyper-contagious virus were released into the ecosphere it would spread rapidly along transport routes. Aeroplanes would become localised infections, the hosts carrying it to new places. New York, London and other large cities would quickly become abandoned. Pandemics also make excellent films, although the effects are usually exaggerated. (&amp;lsquo;I am Legend' particularly - no virus can turn a person feral while keeping them alive).</li><li>
<h3>Extreme-adverse Weather</h3>
Either we could cause the weather or it could be a freak occurrence. Phrases like global warming and climate change are thrown around a lot these days and they can be responsible for some weather changes, but we underestimate nature's resilience. Neither the less, a new ice age could emerge (although we are still in one), in which most surface life is killed. Again, films like &amp;lsquo;The Day after Tomorrow' exaggerate the effects.</li><li>
<h3>Gamma ray burst</h3>
Even we cannot dodge the light. Gamma rays are emitted from most stars, although our own is pretty docile in that respect, although if a star within a few thousand light years were to go Hypernova (a bigger supernova), the waves of radiation would reach us, practically cooking the surface of the planet. We would have to live underground to survive, but all plant life would certainly die, so we would have to rely on green houses and hydroponics. The frightening thing is that a star near us may have just gone Hypernova, but we won't know about it until the radiation reaches us.</li><li>
<h3>Nuclear War</h3>
Nuclear weapons are mankind's stupidest invention. To quote terry Pratchett - "Never give the monkey the keys to the banana plantation", and unfortunately we still don't get on well with one another enough to get rid of them. On declaration of nuclear war, major population centres would be destroyed and satellites would be knocked out of orbit, rendering all devices such as mobile phones and computers useless. Another effect is the raising of several million tonnes of ash and dust into the atmosphere, blacking the skies and wiping out most life.</li><li>
<h3>Asteroid Strike</h3>
One of the most well known doomsday scenarios is one we cannot really do anything about. Every year thousands of basketball sized objected hit the Earth. It only takes one a kilometre across to plummet through the atmosphere remains large enough to destroy a city. One that is a few kilometres in diameter hitting the Earth would release the energy of several million nuclear devices.</li><li>
<h3>Strangelets</h3>
The least known method of human extinction, strangelets are the result of overly energetic &amp;lsquo;strange' quarks mixing with &amp;lsquo;up' and &amp;lsquo;down' quarks. These stranglets on contact with ordinary matter will convert it to strange matter, and release another strangelet. If one were to hit the Earth, the planet would be reduced to a hot lump of strange matter. Currently they have only been created for thousandths of a second in particle accelerators.</li><li>
<h3>Black Hole</h3>
Pretty obvious what would happen. If one were created on Earth the planet would be sucked in, along with the rest of the solar system. However, nobody really knows what goes on inside a black hole, so maybe we would be lucky.</li><li>
<h3>Judgement Day</h3>
The Bible says in revelations that on Judgement day or Rapture, God will arrive on Earth to judge the living and the dead. Amusingly, if he arrived tomorrow, his work would be duly archived on the internet with thousands of mobile phone pictures and videos.</li><li>
<h3>Re-orientation of Earth's Axis</h3>
Also known as &amp;lsquo;pole shift theory' this would happen if the Earth changed its axis (currently it rests at 23.5 degrees - this is the reason we have seasons). The north and south poles would flip, not only ruining the GPS system but also causing massive change to the environment and redistributing the oceans across inhabited landmass.</li><li>
<h3>The Big Crunch</h3>
The one we cannot escape. Theorised as one of the methods of Universal decay, the Big Crunch is the reverse of the Big Bang.  Gravity at the centre of the Universe will overwhelm the expanding force and begin to pull the Universe back to a singularity again. There is no chance of escape from this one - there is nowhere to go. Luckily it is only a theory, and would not happen for billions of years anyway, so we would be long gone.</li></ol><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhysics%2F10-Ways-The-Human-Race-Could-Become-Extinct.153599"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FPhysics%2F10-Ways-The-Human-Race-Could-Become-Extinct.153599" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jun 2008 07:05:15 PST</pubDate></item>
<item>
<title>A Guide to Human Homeostasis</title>
<link>http://www.scienceray.com/Biology/Human-Biology/A-Guide-to-Human-Homeostasis.150361</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>Homeostasis translates roughly from Greek, meaning &amp;lsquo;to stand equally', coined by Walter Bradford Cannon who detailed the term in his book &amp;lsquo;The Wisdom of the Body', although the concept was initially studied by Claude Bernard. It is the process in all living organisms that controls an internal environment, in order to keep it stable.</p>
<p>Homeostasis uses hormones to control body conditions. This is vital for the body's survival, because the chemical reactions taking place are easily imbalanced so it is necessary to both monitor and control the conditions.</p>
<p>Temperature control is one of the most important parts of homeostasis - the body must be kept at around 37 degrees. If the temperature rises above this the enzymes that speed up reactions in our body will begin to denature - a sort of warping of the shape that means it is unable to break down long chain molecules. If the temperature drops below 37 degrees then the enzymes will not be at the optimum conditions for their use, and slow down. <br />The brain monitors the body through the thermoregulatory centre, which controls the response if body temperature fluctuates. If the temperature is to low then vasoconstriction takes place. The capillaries near the surface of the skin shrink, preventing heat loss from the blood through the skin to the air. The muscles also contract and relax rapidly, known as &amp;lsquo;shivering' - this generates heat as respiration takes place more rapidly inside the muscle cells, and a by-product of this is heat. The hairs on the skin also rise, causing bumps, known as &amp;lsquo;goose pimples', trapping air against the skin, creating an insulating layer against the cooler air.</p>
<p>If the body is too hot, the reverse takes place. Vasodilatation allows heat to be lost to the air as the body's capillaries expand, bringing blood to the surface of the skin - this is also why we flush red when hot.  Hairs on the skin lie flat; to prevent any trapped air from insulating the body and hence heating it. Sweat is produced on the surface of the skin, which then evaporates off cooling the skin - however this does take a lot of useful fluids the body needs.</p>
<p>To keep homeostasis, the body also has to keep its ion, water and glucose levels balanced. The control of water is known as &amp;lsquo;Osmoregulation'. If the water level in the blood is too high then the excess is added to the urine. If it is too low, then water is reabsorbed from the Kidneys. This process is the same for ions.</p>
<p>Glucose is a different matter, as many diabetics will know. If there is too little glucose in the bloodstream, the body uses the hormone glucagon to convert stores of glycogen into glucose for use in respiration. If there is too much glucose in the blood then insulin in secreted from the pancreas and this converts the glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. Types one and two diabetics have problems with insulin production, so in their bodies the glucose builds up in the bloodstream, which can potentially kill the sufferer without regular injections of insulin</p><a href="http://www.pheedo.com/click.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FA-Guide-to-Human-Homeostasis.150361"><img src="http://www.pheedo.com/img.phdo?x=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceray.com%2FBiology%2FHuman-Biology%2FA-Guide-to-Human-Homeostasis.150361" border="0"/></a>]]></description>
<pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2008 07:49:16 PST</pubDate></item>
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